What Is a Research Paper

A research paper is a common form of academic writing. Research papers require students and academics to locate  information about a topic (that is, to conduct research), take a stand on that topic, and provide support (or evidence) for that position in an organized report. The term research paper may also refer to a scholarly article that contains the results of original research or an evaluation of research conducted by others. Most scholarly articles  must undergo a process of peer review before they can be accepted for publication in an academic journal. Define Your Research Question The first step in writing a research paper is defining your research question. Has your instructor assigned a specific topic? If so, great—youve got this step covered. If not, review the guidelines of the assignment. Your instructor has likely provided several general subjects for your consideration. Your research paper should focus on a specific angle on one of these subjects. Spend some time mulling over your options before deciding which one youd like to explore more deeply. Try to choose a research question that interests you. The research process is time-consuming, and youll be significantly more motivated if you have a genuine desire to learn more about the topic.  You should also consider whether you have access to all of the resources necessary to conduct thorough  research on your topic, such as primary and secondary sources. Create a Research Strategy   Approach the research process  systematically by creating a research strategy. First, review your librarys website.  What resources are available? Where will you find them? Do any resources require a special process to gain access? Start gathering those resources—especially those that may be difficult to access—as soon as possible. Second, make an appointment with a reference librarian. A reference librarian is nothing short of a research superhero. He or she will listen to your research question, offer suggestions for how to focus your research, and direct you toward valuable sources that directly relate to your topic. Evaluate Sources Now that youve gathered a wide array of sources, its time to evaluate them. First, consider the reliability of the information. Where is the information coming from? What is the origin of the source? Second, assess the  relevance  of the information. How does this information relate to your research question? Does it support, refute, or add context to your position? How does it relate to the other sources youll be using in your paper? Once you have determined that your sources are both reliable and relevant, you can proceed confidently to the writing phase.   Why Write Research Papers?   The research process is one of the most taxing academic tasks youll be asked to complete. Luckily, the value of writing a research paper goes beyond that A you hope to receive. Here are just some of the benefits of research papers.   Learning Scholarly Conventions:  Writing a research paper is a crash course in the stylistic conventions of scholarly writing. During the research and writing process, youll learn how to document your research, cite sources appropriately, format an academic paper, maintain an academic tone, and more.Organizing Information: In a way, research is nothing more than a massive organizational project. The information available to you is near-infinite, and its your job to review that information, narrow it down, categorize it, and present it in a clear, relevant format. This process requires attention to detail and major brainpower.Managing Time: Research papers put your time management  skills to the test. Every step of the research and writing process takes time, and its up to you to set aside the time youll need to complete each step of the task. Maximize your efficiency by creating a research schedule and inserting blocks of research time into your calendar as soon as you receive th e assignment.  Exploring  Your Chosen Subject:  We couldnt forget the best part of research papers—learning about something that truly excites you. No matter what topic you choose, youre bound  to come away from the research process with new ideas and countless nuggets of fascinating information.   The best research papers are the result of genuine interest and a thorough research process. With these ideas in mind, go forth and research. Welcome to the scholarly conversation!

Incident by Countee Cullen - 1369 Words

The poem, â€Å"Incident† is a part of Cullens book called Color, which clearly portrays the racism shown among the blacks, even among the children. The transition from innocence to experience may also be seen in the poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning. It starts off with the innocence of a young child most likely riding on a subway who makes eye contact with another young boy on the same car. Though neither is described to be older or smaller than the other boy. Cullen goes on to say that from May until December of all the things that had happened, this incident was the only thing he could remember. The tone in the poem quickly goes from a highly optimistic attitude of the boy towards the city then turns to a depressing tone a because of that one word. The poet clearly explains that racism is painful and no matter at what age you may have to face it, it leaves a scar in their minds for a lifetime. When the word which is quoted is uttered by the other boy a separation is b rought upon that people of that time couldnt look past. Their first judgments of another person came from their first look and the impression they are able to conceive at that moment. This impression in most cases during the time was very prejudiced. In My Last Duchess Browning describes the Duke of Ferrara who is trying to negotiate with a servant for the hand of the counts daughter in marriage. During the negotiations the Duke is taking the servant for a tour into his own private art gallery toShow MoreRelatedIncident, By Countee Cullen963 Words   |  4 Pages In the poem â€Å"Incident,† Countee Cullen uses the poetic speaker to discuss the issue of racism and discrimination between blacks and whites in America. This poem is written in classical form and is a lyrical ballad. It is written in strophic structure because it is divided into sections. The poem has a abcb rhyme structure since it is a lyrical ballad. Once riding in old Baltimore, Heart-filled, head-filled with glee, I saw a Baltimorean Keep looking straight at me. (ll. 1- 4). This poem isRead MoreAnalysis Of Tableau And Incident By Countee Cullen726 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the expression of many African American artists such as Countee Cullen to illustrate the indifference of blacks and whites through poetry. Cullen wrote Tableau as well as Incident, which share a tone of power. The racial interaction between a black and white boy in the two poems both contradict and have similarities. Developing their separate themes comes with the comparison of the two races and how they treat one another. Countee Cullen uses figurative language and tone to formulate the themesRead MoreTheme Of Tableau And Incident By Countee Cullen776 Words   |  4 Pageswere afraid to talk to one another because of the era they lived in. Countee Cullen was an African American poet in this time period that wrote about his view on this. In the poems â€Å"Tableau† and â€Å"Incident† by Countee Cullen are good examples of the emotions in racial interactions in the poi nt of view of an African American kid. The theme in the poem  ¨Tableau† is everyone one is the same despite the race and the theme of  ¨Incident† is something so small can have a big impact. Figurative language helpsRead MoreAnalysis Of Tableau And Incident By Countee Cullen753 Words   |  4 PagesThe poems â€Å"Tableau† and â€Å"Incident† by Countee Cullen are about racism, but both have a different take on it. The African American author wrote in 1900’s , when racism was common and more acceptable. Cullen’s work became more popular during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s. Both poems are developed with different writing mechanics to convey a clear message to the reader or audience. Cullen uses figurative language and tone to develop the theme in each text. The figurative language of each poemRead More`` I Too, Sing America And Countee Cullen s Incident1542 Words   |  7 Pagesout on numerous opportunities because whites felt as if they should not have them. Because this was such a common event during the Jazz Age, it was often written about in literature pieces. Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† and Countee Cullen’s â€Å"Incident† display these limitations put on a specific race (African Americans), and show how the country has somewhat grown away from that. These works were set during the 1920s and 1930s, during a time called the Harlem Renaissance. This was aRead MoreFigurative Language In Countee Cullens Tableau And Incident745 Words   |  3 PagesCountee Cullen was an African American poet during the early 1900s. Countee became renowned during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, a time where black writers and artists were featured prominently. His most influential poems are â€Å"Tableau† and â€Å"Incident.† Both of the poems, by Countee Cullen, show how racism plays a large part in how people perceive each other. He demonstrates this by using figurative language, and tone that contribute to the theme of both of the poems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  In his poem TableauRead MoreLife Is Not What It Seems1474 Words   |  6 PagesLife is not What It Seems Emily Dickinson, Countee Cullen and John Donne live different lives. Emily Dickinson tells listeners in â€Å"Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant†, that they should live a happy life, instead of settle for only looking at the negatives. She does tell readers that humans are too infirm and she is absolutely right. Countee Cullen and John Donne are perfect examples of this in â€Å"Incident† â€Å"Yet do I marvel† and â€Å"Holy Sonnet 14† where they are suffering and weak. There is alwaysRead MoreThe Legacy Countee Cullen s Impact On The Era Of Segregation906 Words   |  4 PagesThe legacy Countee Cullen, constructed, has made one of the biggest impacts on the era of segregation. The message Cullen was capable of imposing through poetry to all races makes you believe he was destined to be the best. The struggles the African American, race was experiencing is exposed through Countee Cullen’s, work. He brought new respect and awareness to the blac k race; through poems like â€Å"Heritage†, â€Å"Fruit of The Flower,† and â€Å"Incident†. The fact Cullen was educated by whites yet, his ideasRead More Countee Cullen Essay559 Words   |  3 Pages Countee Cullen was a prominent American poet and was known as the â€Å"poster poet† of the 1920 artistic movement called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance produced the first African American works of literature in the United States. There were many leading figures in the Harlem Renaissance such as James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Wallace Thurman and Arna Bontemps. Cullen was simply an amazing young man who won many poetry contests throughout New York, published two notableRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Golden Age Of African American Culture1576 Words   |  7 Pagesfiction.† Writers like Langston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Countee Cullen were all poet who played enormous roles during the Harlem Renaissance. Countee Cullens poem â€Å"Incident† tackles the issue of racism head-on, and there s no question that it takes an important stand against racial prejudice. Since racism is still a huge ongoing issue to this day- (almost 100 years later), a modern day movie partial of the poem â€Å"Incident† by Count Cullens has potential to impact the world. This film title would

Multicultural Participation In Olympic Movement Essay Example For Students

Multicultural Participation In Olympic Movement Essay Multicultural Participation The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit which requires mutual understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. Multiculturalism is a policy based on rights and responsibilities, which has been endorsed by Australian governments for managing a unified nation, which is culturally diverse. It is a policy that relies on mutual respect, whereby members of Australias diverse communities respect each others differences. Sydneys Bid for the 2000 Olympic Games promoted the citys cultural diversity. In September 1993, SOCOG Board Vice President and Sydneys Lord Mayor, Frank Sartor, was Quoted: A Sydney Games in 2000 could provide the platform for a millennium of multiracial and multicultural harmony. Australians policy of encouraging the maintenance of cultural diversity in a harmonious society, which was nevertheless united in its patriotism, could be a blueprint for the way the whole world should conduct itself in the next millennium. Australia, whose immigration policy in recent years has encouraged migrants from all over the world, is living proof that harmonious diversity is as achievable as it is desirable. Australias Multiculturalism Australia is considered the most multicultural country in the world. Currently there are people from over 160 countries living in Australia. Over 70 languages are spoken, not including Aboriginal dialects. Forty per cent of the Australian population are migrants or are the children of migrants. At 30 June 1995, 23 per cent of the Australian population was born overseas, while 13.7 per cent of Australians were born in non-English speaking countries. Multicultural Affairs Program SOCOG has recognised the significance of the multicultural community to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games by establishing a Multicultural Affairs program, to support the MAC and to work across SOCOG and the Paralympic Games in implementing policies which embrace all Australians. The Multicultural Affairs Program is responsible for: developing an overall multicultural action plan for SOCOG, which has been approved by the SOCOG board. The committee looked across all program areas of SOCOG and the Paralympic Games and developed strategies which will enable the multicultural community to play a vital role; consulting with other State and Territory Ethnic Affairs Commissions and their equivalents to ensure appropriate multicultural representation in SOCOG and Paralympic-generated events; working with SOCOGs Volunteer Program to ensure that among the volunteer intake there will be representation from the many diverse communities, maximising the various language skills and cultural knowledge that those groups can bear as volunteers; arranging a series of multicultural community consultations both in NSW and other States and Territories at which SOCOG will inform and involve all communities; and ensuring that SOCOG now conducts regular briefings with Australias ethnic media organisations. English Essays .

Organisation Behaviour Essay Example

Organisation Behaviour Essay Option 3: Evaluate the statement that ‘organisational structure reflects and reinforces an unrealistic view of human rationality (Knights Willmott, 2007)’. Introduction: Different authors have different definition toward organizational structure. Mintzberg (1979) defines the organization structure is defined as ‘The sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct task and then achieves coordination between them’ (Mintzberg, 1979, p. cited in Knights and Willmott, 2007, p. 197). In simple words, organizational structure is talking about the structure of an organization, how a company categorise their workers or management to achieve their goals. Basically, organizational structure is talking about the management system that include organic and mechanistic management system. In an organization, there will be a lot of matters happened because of the organization structure. Hence, people keep discover different management structure to assist in organizational structure like Taylor and Ford that influence the organization structure by using scientific method to classified the work of an organization and control the achievement of the organization (Fayol, 1949; Taylor, 1911cited in Singh, 2009). Lewin (1958) cited in Burnes (1996) provided that the planned model that designed for the organizational change is the best model. However, is there any the best structure for organization? When we treat one structure as the best structure for organization, we must consider the factors that will make the structure no longer applicable. Environment is the important influences that we cannot ignore about. The unstable of environment led the organization structure keep on changing. One of the changes in the structure of organizational was from mechanistic management system to organic management system. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mechanistic and organic of organizational structure are two formally form of management system that applied in organizational structure (Burns and Stalker, 1961). As what Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) claims that competition was changing from firm level to network level, which means from centralisation to decentralisation. Changing Of Environment More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Heraclitus(536-470 BC) claims that everything was continuous keep on changing and there was nothing permanent (Smith, 2011). Organizational structure is also the same, there are no the best structure for an organization since the environment is keep on changing. ‘‘There is no one best way to organize’’ and ‘‘any ways of organizing are not equally effective’’ (Galbraith, 1973 cited in Singh, 2009, p. 954). Environment and organization are interdependent, they depend on each other between an organization (pugh et al. 1963 cited in Child, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Singh (2009) proposed that appropriate organizational structure depends on environmental factors. Coulson-Thomas (1991) cited in Strachan (1996) argues that business organizational is increasingly face unprecedented change in social, economic, political and business environment. Burn and Stalker (1961) cited in McMillan (n. d. ) claims that an organization must match and follow with the rate of change in its environment if the organization want to reach a maximum performance or achieve their goals. The performance of an organization depend on how they construct their structure to align with the environment (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and O’Regan, 2010). An example that shows the change of technology that led to the changes of organizational structure, the manner of hardware and software development resulted in architectures evolving over time, at the same time organization structures developed special forms to suit and fit their specific environmental and strategic requirements (Mukherji, 2002). An effective structure or strategy can promotes competitive advantage to strengthen an organization performance (Oosthuizen, 1997 cited in Nandakumar , Ghobadian and O’Regan, 2010 ) . Besides, there are a wide range of structures given to an organization to choose whether which structure is appropriate to them and can align to the environmental factors that they face, they can choose the most few effective structure mixed that fix to their different environmental problem faced since there are no one universal structure that applied by all organization (Singh, 2009). However, when environment is change again no matter due to technological or political factor, organization need to aware that whether their structure now is consists with the changing of the environment. If their structure is not the best in current environment, then they need to revise their structure again to get the most productive outcome. Otherwise, the change of environment may either lead to some benefit or harms to the organization. Thevenet (1988) cited in Soparnot (2011) believe that the change of organizational structure is always beneficial. However, Soparnot (2005) cited in Soparnot (2011) argued that the changes of structure can destabilize organization and it is risky and costly. In an organization, if they are manage according to hierarchy structure, there are different level of manager and different opinion towards the change of the organization exist, different people have their own idea, each will suggest different idea and this will wasting time and resources to test for it. Walston and Chou (2011) said that the greater the differences between hierarchical perceptions, the inefficiency of the organization change and effort. Therefore, there are no any best constant structure of organization, because the environment is keep on changing, what an organization can do is only keep on changing that align with the environmental changes. Mechanistic System Mechanistic management system is consist of hierarchic structure of control, authority, specialization , differentiation and centralized decision making (Burns and Stalker, 1961). Hierarchical structure is commonly carry out in an organizational chart form. Organizational chart show us the management structure or hierarchical structure, how the organization manage according to different department, or specialization. During the mid 20th century there was a trend for organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for instance, the Hanson Trust, Unilever, Trafalgar House, and GNK in the UK and General Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman and Storey, 2001 cited in McMillan, (n. . ). Hales and Rabey (2011) held that a good management is consists of specific job for specific person, clear role definitions for each job, clear job specification and so on. It is talking about mechanic system of organizational structure. In the hierarchical structure, decisions are made by top level and task are delegated to different department manager of middle level, and these managers will make sure the workers under them is kept in line with them (Hales and Rabey, 2011). Since that are not a teamwork which they do not share common interest but they need to do more than the person who make decision and thus make them do not have any motivation to do their best or produce the best idea. This may occur because everyone have different perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the greater difference between hierarchical perception, the inefficiency of the effort (Walston and Chou, 2011). When everyone have their own perception, but decision is not made by them, conflict will occur. Conflict usually occur in relation to decision and sometimes it may lead to threat (Beckhard and Dyer, 1983 cited in Frank et al. , 2011). Decision making of hierarchical structure is also a waste of time since there are different level in the organization, decision making need to go through from low to middle and the top, it take time and waste of resources, when there are something happen between the level of authority, it need even more time than usual. Wang and Ahmed (2003) cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva (2005) highlight organizational structure influence its decision making and the internal processes. Employees in an organization should not wait for manager comments or negotiations for organization sake (Kuitunen et al, 1999 cited in Kulmala and Uusi-Rauva, 2005). In order to reduce the conflict of decision making of the hierarchical structure and waste of time, the changes of this hierarchical structure is needed. Burns and Stalker (1961) highlight that in organic system, position in an organization is differentiated by the expertise, whoever have greater expertise can lead the team and he or she will have the best authority. For mechanistic system, people who control the organization is according to standardization of skill, it is control by the person who have undergone extensive training and socialization (Friedson, 1970 cited in Abernethy and Stoelwinder, n. d. ). Burns and Stalker (1961) claims that the position of the leader is settled by consensus via voting in an organic system. When the position of the leader is agreed by voting, then it may consider fair because there are no any conflict of interest exist. However, for mechanistic system, position of the manager is the decision of the top level management. When the position of the leader is decided by the top level management people, there are inequality exists. Guy (1999) highlight that the increase of earnings inequality from the late 1970s until now is due to changes of organizational structure. When the decision is not reach the consensus of all but just solely based on the top level management, it seems like it is unfair. The top level may choose the one that is beneficial to him or her and promotes him or her to get higher position and this is not agreed by all. Organic System Hence, Covin and Slevin(1990) cited in Altinay and Altinay (2004) claims that organization often decentralize decision making authority, minimize the hierarchical structure and adopt free flow communication channels to make sure organization achieved higher performance. When talk about decentralization, actually it is talking about organic management system, Burns and Stalker(1961) said that organic management system is appropriate to the changing of environment, he describe organic management system as a network structure of control ,authority and communication, there are not alking about responsibilities of a person, but the responsible of the people in the network. Therefore, It is just like a team that achieve the same goals. However, the claimant that organization need to decentralize decision making was argued by Shields and Shields (1998) cited in Subramaniam and Mia (2001), said that not all managers accept the decentralization of organization structure because it will make o utcomes of job unfavorable related such as low job satisfaction. For example, as what we have study now, we are choosing courses of education according to our interest. It is also the same as career, we will choose our job according to what we studied or what we like, if decentralize means that they are all working together without departmentalize, then we might need to do the job that we do not like and make us do not have the feeling of satisfaction when rushing for the work. Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure is not fixed, it is not constant as all organization is using the same structure and monitor their work of organization. There will be no consensus on one particular structure of organization and thus make the organizational structure do not fixed. Actually, each structure will show their good and bad, when the structure is align with the change of environment or the structure is reach the consensus of all and thus achieve higher performance of organization, then this structure is consider as good. However, when the environment is change again , and people no longer agree on this structure, then this structure is no longer applicable , if this structure is insist in using, then it may bring harm to organization. Hence, there is no the best or the smartest structure for an organization (Mintzberg, 1979 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). When the environment of the organization change, the structure of the organization also change according to the environment, this dynamism of the organization structure makes the organization do not have a fixed or constant strucuture (Martinsons Martinsons, 1994 cited in Wang and Ahmed, 2002). No matter organic or mechanistic management system, as long as it is an effective structure that align with the environment, it will lead he organization to achieve superior performance. Organization structure do not fixed because mechanistic management system is applicable in some situation or organic management system is suitable in some situation or mixed of these two management system is necessary for some situation. In details, an organization can mixed the centralization and decentralization by apply both in their structure. Decentralization can motivate employees t o enable them showing out their creative and innovative but not stop by top level manager. At the same time, some others part can be centralize to make sure employees follow the rules and regulation because some decision if freely make by employees on their own may create troublesome such as financing and investing decision. Hence, structure cannot fixed on whether it is centralization or decentralization (Buchanan and huczynski, 2010). Therefore, we cannot say that which structure is the best structure for organization because each of these structures play their own roles in different environmental changes. (2092 words) Bibliography: 1. Abernethy M. A. nd Stoelwinder, J. U. (n. d) â€Å"The relationship between organization structure and management control in hospitals: An elaboration and test of Mintzberg’s professional bureaucracy model†, pp. 18-33. 2. Altinay, L. and Altinay, M. (2004) â€Å"The influence of organisational structure on entrepreneurial orientation and expansion performance†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manageme nt, 16(6), pp. 334-344. 3. Burnes, B. (1996) â€Å"No such thing as †¦ a â€Å"one best way† to manage organizational change’, Management Decision, 34/10, pp. 11-18. 4. Burns, T. and Stalker, G. M. (1961) â€Å"The management of innovation†, London: Tavistock, pp. 103-108. 5. Child, J. (n. d) â€Å"Organizational strucuture, environment and performance: The role of strategic choice†, Sage Social Science Collections. 6. Frank, M. , Kessler, A. , Nose, L. , Suchy, D. (2011) â€Å"Conflicts in family firms: state of the art and perspectives for future research†, Journal of Family Business Management, 1(2), pp. 130-153. 7. Hales, S. and Rabey, G. (2011) â€Å"The frontline manager: fronting up to organisational change†, Industrial and Commercial Trainning, 43(6), pp. 368-376. 8. Knights, D. nd Willmott, H. (2007) Introducing organizational behaviour and management, South-Western Cengage Learning. 9. Kulmala, H. I. and Uusi-Rauva, E. (2005) â€Å"Network as a business environment: experiences from software industry†, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 10/3, pp. 169-178. 10. McMillan, E. (n. d. ) â€Å"Considering organization st ructure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective†, Open University. 11. Mukherji, A. 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(2001) â€Å"The relation between decentralised structure, budgetary participation and organisational commitment: The mo derating role of managers value orientation towards innovation†, Accounting, Auditing ; Accountability Journal, 14(1), pp. 12-29. 18. Walston, S. and Chou, A. 2011) â€Å"CEO perceptions of organizational consensus and its impact on hospital restructuring outcomes†, Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(2), pp. 176-194. 19. Wang, L. and Ahmed, P. K. (2002) â€Å"The Informal Structure: Hidden energies within the organization†, University of Wolverhampton, UK. 20. Guy, F. (1999) â€Å"Information technology, organization structure, and earnings inequality†, Birkbeck College, Malet St. 21. Buchanan D. A. and Huczynski, A. A. (2010) Organizational behaviour, Seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited.